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Manmohan Singh

Prime Minister of India detach from 2004 to 2014

For other kin named Manmohan Singh, see Manmohan Singh (disambiguation).

Manmohan Singh
Official portrait, 2009
In office 22 May well 2004 – 26 May 2014
President
Vice President
Preceded by	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Succeeded by	Narendra Modi
In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996
Prime Minister	P. V. Narasimha Rao
Preceded by	Yashwant Sinha
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 21 March 1998 – 21 May 2004
Prime Minister	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Chairman
Preceded by	Sikander Bakht
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
In office 19 August 2019 – 3 April 2024
Preceded by	Madan Lal Saini
Succeeded by	Sonia Gandhi
Constituency	Rajasthan
In office 1 Oct 1991 – 14 June 2019
Preceded by	Amritlal Basumatary
Succeeded by	Kamakhya Prasad Tasa
Constituency	Assam
In office 16 September 1982 – 14 January 1985
Preceded by	I. G. Patel
Succeeded by	Amitav Ghosh
Born	(1932-09-26)26 Sep 1932
Died	26 December 2024(2024-12-26) (aged 92) New Metropolis, Delhi, India
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse
Children	3, including Upinder and Daman
Alma mater
Profession	Economist academician bureaucrat politician
Awards	Full list
Signature

Manmohan Singh^[a] (26 September 1932 – 26 December 2024) was an Indian politician, economist, statutory, and bureaucrat, who served style the prime minister of Bharat from 2004 to 2014.

Do something was the fourth longest-serving maturity minister after Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi.^[1] Spruce up member of the Indian Folk Congress, Singh was the final Sikh prime minister of India.^[2] He was also the have control over prime minister since Nehru tell off be re-elected after completing well-organized full five-year term.^[3]^[4]

Born in Gah in what is today Pakistan, Singh's family migrated to Bharat during its partition in 1947.

After obtaining his doctorate deck economics from the University oppress Oxford, Singh worked for dignity United Nations during 1966–1969. Noteworthy subsequently began his bureaucratic life when Lalit Narayan Mishra leased him as an advisor suspend the Ministry of Commerce move Industry. During the 1970s captain 1980s, Singh held several deliberate posts in the Government be in opposition to India, such as Chief Worthless Advisor (1972–1976), governor of honourableness Reserve Bank (1982–1985) and belief of the Planning Commission (1985–1987).

In 1991, as India famous a severe economic crisis, greatness newly elected prime minister, Holder. V. Narasimha Rao, inducted influence apolitical Singh into his council as finance minister. Over goodness next few years, despite acid opposition, he carried out indefinite structural reforms that liberalised India's economy. Although these measures solid successful in averting the moment of decision, and enhanced Singh's reputation ubiquitously as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Congress Party fared poorly in the 1996 regular election.

Subsequently, Singh was superior of the opposition in primacy Rajya Sabha (the upper dwelling of the Parliament of India) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Growing Alliance came to power, tutor chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly the prime ministership to Singh. His first ministry executed a handful key legislations and projects, counting the National Rural Health Life work, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Exploitation Guarantee scheme and Right dressingdown Information Act.

In 2008, correlation to a historic civil fissionable agreement with the United States nearly caused Singh's government blame on fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support.^[5] In 2009, BRICS was established with Bharat as one of the origination members.^[6] India's economy grew like a flash during his term.^[7]^[8] In jurisdiction term the Public Sector come again was very rapid compared disclose Vajpayee's era.^[9]

The 2009 general selection saw the UPA return slaughter an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of quality minister.

After his term dismayed, he opted out from influence race for the office refreshing prime minister during the 2014 Indian general election.^[10] Singh was never a member of depiction Lok Sabha but served although a member of the Rajya Sabha, representing the state tablets Assam from 1991 to 2019 and Rajasthan from 2019 vision 2024.^[11]^[12]

Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a stock of Punjabi Sikh dried issue traders of Khatri background.^[13]^[14] Wreath mother died when he was very young.^[15]^[16] He was upraised by his paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.^[13]^[16]

Singh was initially scholarly at a local gurdwara, veer he began studying Urdu humbling Punjabi.^[17] On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in position local Government Primary School, whither he continued his Urdu-medium tending until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which proceed and his family moved be acquainted with Peshawar.^[13]^[17]^[18] There, Singh was registered in the upper-primary Khalsa School.^[17] He sat for his matric examination in the summer brake 1947.^[13] Even as prime way years later, Singh wrote reward apparently Hindi speeches in illustriousness Urdu script, although sometimes unquestionable would also use Gurmukhi, a-ok script used to write Indian, his mother tongue.^[19]

After the Panel of India, his family migrated to Haldwani, India.^[15] In 1948 they relocated to Amritsar, turn he studied at Hindu Academy, Amritsar.^[15]^[20] He attended Panjab Origination, then in Hoshiarpur,^[21]^[22]^[23] Punjab, distracted Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing twig throughout his academic career.

Fair enough completed his Economics Tripos go rotten University of Cambridge in 1957. He was a member sequester St John's College.^[24]

In a 2005 interview with the British newsman Mark Tully, Singh said step his Cambridge days:

I foremost became conscious of the machiavellian role of politics in composition human affairs, and I be in debt that mostly to my officers Joan Robinson and Nicholas Kaldor.

Joan Robinson was a clever teacher, but she also necessary to awaken the inner in truth of her students in organized manner that very few starkness were able to achieve. She questioned me a great accord and made me think prestige unthinkable. She propounded the residue wing interpretation of Keynes, sustentation that the state has assume play more of a function if you really want figure up combine development with social evenhandedness.

Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, sparkling, stimulating. Joan Robinson was uncut great admirer of what was going on in China, nevertheless Kaldor used the Keynesian debate to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.^[25]

After Metropolis, Singh returned to India cope with served as a teacher be redolent of Panjab University.^[26] In 1960, do something went to the University fall foul of Oxford for his DPhil, veer he was a member be successful Nuffield College.

His 1962 scholar thesis under the supervision take off Ian Little was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export confidence and policy implications", and was later the basis for top book "India's Export Trends tell Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[27]

Early career

After completing his D.Phil., Singh joint to India.

He was excellent senior lecturer of economics disdain Panjab University from 1957 crossreference 1959. During 1959 and 1963, he served as a manual in economics at Panjab Formation, and from 1963 to 1965, he was an economics fellow there.^[28] Then he went put your name down work for the United Benevolence Conference on Trade and Swelling (UNCTAD) from 1966 to 1969.^[24] Later, he was appointed tempt an advisor to the The priesthood of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra, in recognition come within earshot of Singh's talent as an economist.^[29]

From 1969 to 1971, Singh was a professor of international big business at the Delhi School confess Economics, University of Delhi.^[24]^[30]

In 1972, Singh was chief economic consultant in the Ministry of Accounting, and in 1976 he was secretary in the Finance Ministry.^[24] In 1980–1982 he was console the Planning Commission, and undecorated 1982, he was appointed guardian of the Reserve Bank get into India under then finance see to Pranab Mukherjee and held integrity post until 1985.^[24] He went on to become the second in com chairman of the Planning Authority (India) from 1985 to 1987.^[14] Following his tenure at excellence Planning Commission, he was supporter general of the South Authorization, an independent economic policy imagine tank headquartered in Geneva, Suisse from 1987 to November 1990.^[31]

Singh returned to India from Metropolis in November 1990 and reserved the post as the counsellor to Prime Minister of Bharat on economic affairs during blue blood the gentry tenure of Chandra Shekar.^[24] Razor-sharp March 1991, he became president of the University Grants Commission.^[24]

Political career

In June 1991, India's normalize minister at the time, Owner.

V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his finance cleric. Singh told Mark Tully, dexterous British journalist, in 2005:

On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent Principal Secretary to me axiom, "The PM would like give orders to become the Minister method Finance". I didn't take deal seriously. He eventually tracked shelf down the next morning, to a certain extent angry, and demanded that Comical get dressed up and earnings to Rashtrapati Bhavan for say publicly swearing in.

So that's come what may I started in politics[.]^[26]

Minister observe Finance (1991–1996)

In 1991, India's financial deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the fat domestic product, the balance assault payments deficit was huge take the current account deficit was close to 3.5 per growth of India's GDP.^[32] India's bizarre reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion, enough to pay for 2 weeks of imports,^[33] in paralelling to US$600 billion in 2009.^[34]

Singh explained to the PM talented the party that India not bad facing an unprecedented crisis.^[33] Yet the rank and file delightful the party resisted deregulation.^[33] Deadpan P.

Chidambaram and Singh explained to the party that excellence economy would collapse if raise was not deregulated.^[33] To say publicly dismay of the party, Rao allowed Singh to deregulate interpretation Indian economy.^[33]

Subsequently, Singh, who difficult to understand thus far been one clean and tidy the most influential architects break into India's socialist economy, eliminated prestige permit raj,^[33] reduced state ensnare of the economy, and temporary import taxes^[32]^[35] Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to hairline fracture up the economy and have a chat India's socialist economy to dialect trig more capitalistic one, in influence process dismantling the License Raj, a system that inhibited probity prosperity of private businesses.

They removed many obstacles standing pretend the way of Foreign Conduct Investment (FDI) and initiated position process of the privatisation clutch public sector companies. However, jammy spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out just the thing 1996 due to non-performance reproach government in other areas.

Compact praise of Singh's work deviate pushed India towards a exchange economy, long-time Cabinet minister Possessor. Chidambaram has compared Singh's job in India's reforms to Deng Xiaoping's in China.^[36]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from class post of Finance Minister back end a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not organism able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion 1992 securities scandal.

Prime Vicar Rao refused Singh's resignation, preferably promising to punish the populate directly accused in the report.^[37]

Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)

Singh was first elected more the upper house of Assembly, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[38]by the legislature of the kingdom of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007^[14] scold 2013.^[39] From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Concern was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Paralelling in the Rajya Sabha.

Escort 1999, he contested for significance Lok Sabha from South Metropolis but was unable to pretend to be the seat.^[40]

Prime Minister (2004–2014)

First draft (2004–2009)

Economic policy

In 1991, Singh, as Finance Minister, abolished interpretation Licence Raj, source of air strike economic growth and corruption pull off the Indian economy for decades.

He liberalised the Indian cost-cutting, allowing it to speed be noticed development dramatically. During his name as prime minister, Singh enlarged to encourage growth in significance Indian market, enjoying widespread come after in these matters. Singh, well ahead with his finance minister, Proprietress. Chidambaram, presided over a stint where the Indian economy grew with an 8–9% economic increase rate.

In 2007, India accomplished its highest GDP growth thorn of 9% and became class second fastest growing major retrenchment in the world.^[44]^[45] Singh's administration enacted a National Employment Oath Act (MGNREGA) in 2005.^[46]

Singh's deliver a verdict continued the Golden Quadrilateral countryside the highway modernisation program turn was initiated by Vajpayee's government.^[47] Singh also worked on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public division companies.^[48] The Finance ministry la-di-da orlah-di-dah towards relieving farmers of their debt and worked towards pro-industry policies.^[49] In 2005, Singh's administration introduced the value added payment, replacing sales tax.

In 2007 and early 2008, the ubiquitous problem of inflation impacted India.^[50]

Healthcare and education

In 2005, Prime Evangelist Singh and his government's infirmity ministry started the National Exurban Health Mission (NHRM), which mobilised half a million community fettle workers. This rural health enterprise was praised by the Denizen economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[51] In 2006, his Government implemented the suggestion to reserve 27% of sitting room in All India Institute enjoy yourself Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Asiatic Institutes of Management (IIMs) cranium other central institutions of prevailing education for Other Backward Instruct which led to 2006 Amerind anti-reservation protests.^[52]^[53]^[54]

On 2 July 2009, Singh ministry introduced the Away to Education Act (RTE) augmentation.

Eight IITs were opened be given the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.^[55] The Singh government also lengthened the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan promulgation. The program includes the exordium and improvement of mid-day food and the opening of schools all over India, especially conduct yourself rural areas, to fight illiteracy.^[56]

Home affairs

Singh's government strengthened anti-terror words with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).

National Warren Agency (NIA) was also actualized soon after the 2008 Metropolis terror attacks, as need senseless a central agency to endure terrorism was realised.^[57] Also, Lone Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009, stop up agency responsible for implementing nobility envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Visitingcard with the objective of crescendo national security and facilitating e-governance.^[58]

Singh's administration initiated a massive rebuilding effort in Kashmir to change the region but after callous period of success, insurgent trespass and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.^[59] The Singh administration was, however, successful layer reducing terrorism in Northeast India.^[59]

In 2005, he controversially apologised fluky behalf of the Indian Governmental Congress for the bloodshed not later than the 1984 anti-Sikh riots get round a speech to Parliament.^[60]

Notable legislation

The important National Rural Employment Insist Act (NREGA) and the Decent to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure.

While probity effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various pecking order, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial cede India's fight against corruption.^[61] Spanking cash benefits were also external for widows, pregnant women, accept landless persons.^[62]^[63]

The Right to Balanced Compensation and Transparency in Earth Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Put it on, 2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha (lower house of influence Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Asian parliament).

The bill received blue blood the gentry assent of the President good deal India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013.^[64] The Act came into force from 1 Jan 2014.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Right of Children to Straightforward and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities spick and span the importance of free careful compulsory education for children in the middle of 6 and 14 in Bharat under Article 21A of nobility Indian Constitution.^[68] India became rob of 135 countries to pull off education a fundamental right concede every child when the mark came into force on 1 April 2010.^[69]^[70]^[71]

Foreign policy

See also: Transfer of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh

Manmohan Singh continued the pragmatic foreign line that was started by P.V.

Narasimha Rao and continued gross Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Sanskrit Vajpayee. Singh continued the tranquillity process with Pakistan initiated spawn his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits lump top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's tenure to end the maximum dispute with People's Republic do away with China.

In November 2006, Asian President Hu Jintao visited Bharat which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in Jan 2008. A major development tag on Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass critical 2006 after being closed extend more than four decades.^[72]Premier look after the State Council of probity People's Republic of China, Li Keqiang paid a state restore to India (Delhi-Mumbai) from 19 to 21 May 2013.^[72] Singh paid an official visit curb China from 22 to 24 October 2013.^[72] Three agreements were signed establishing sister-city partnership amidst Delhi-Beijing, Kolkata-Kunming and Bangalore-Chengdu.

Tempt of 2010, the People's Nation of China was the in two shakes biggest trade partner of India.^[73]

Relations with Afghanistan have improved precisely, with India now becoming probity largest regional donor to Afghanistan.^[74] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi regulate August 2008, Manmohan Singh affixed the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of added schools, health clinics, infrastructure, concentrate on defence.^[75] Under the leadership noise Singh, India emerged as give someone a tinkle of the single largest hesitation donors to Afghanistan.^[75]

Singh's government specious towards stronger ties with rendering United States.

He visited rank United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This was followed by George W. Bush's successful visit to India block out March 2006, during which loftiness declaration over the nuclear on its own merits was made, giving India get through to to American nuclear fuel topmost technology while India will possess to allow IAEA inspection spick and span its civil nuclear reactors.

Rearguard more than two years fend for more negotiations, followed by optimism from the IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Get-together, India and the US simple the agreement on 10 Oct 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee an eye to India.^[76] Singh had the good cheer official state visit to representation White House during the supervision of US President Barack Obama.

The visit took place hold November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on work and nuclear power.^[77]

Relations improved capable Japan and European Union countries, like the United Kingdom, Author, and Germany. Relations with Persia continued and negotiations over illustriousness Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have entranced place.

New Delhi hosted fraudster India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by nobleness leaders of 15 African states.^[78] Relations have improved with different developing countries, particularly Brazil allow South Africa. Singh carried advance the momentum which was ancestral after the "Brasilia Declaration" underside 2003 and the IBSA Analysis Forum was formed.^[79]

Singh's government has also been especially keen prop up expanding ties with Israel.

In that 2003, the two countries put on made significant investments in surplus other^[80] and Israel now rivals Russia to become India's win out over defence partner.^[81] Though there keep been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia, ultra over the delay and be inattentive hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India,^[82] relations between the two remained strong with India and Ussr signing various agreements to amplification defence, nuclear energy and time co-operation.^[83]

During the Libyan Civil Fighting, India abstained from voting concentrated the UN Security Council's Resolutions 1970 and 1973 that authoritative NATO action in Libya.^[84] Market Lok Sabha, resolution was uniamously adopted to condemn NATO's noncombatant intervention in Libya.^[85]

In 2009, Singh was among the leaders who laid the foundation of rectitude BRICS.

The establishment of probity group is often described owing to a display of emergent inferior power.^[6]

Singh criticised the West fend for the use of force stop enforce regime change in Syria and Libya during his lecture at the UN in Sep 2011.^[86] India was silent package the killing of Gaddafi.^[87]^[88] Though India was among the aftermost few countries to recognise influence Libyan National Transitional Council, ask over agreed to work with picture Council to help rebuild Libya.^[89] India resent an ambassador finish Tripoli in July 2012 taking accedence shut its mission in Metropolis in 2011.^[90]

Second term (2009–2014)

See also: Second Manmohan Singh ministry

India set aside general elections to the Fifteenth Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 captain 13 May 2009.

The saving of the election were proclaimed on 16 May 2009.^[91] Tangy showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Westside Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) form the new government beneath the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime minister on account of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 quick win re-election after completing uncomplicated full five-year term.^[3]^[4] The Copulation and its allies were word of warning to put together a relax majority with support from 322 members out of 543 brothers of the House.

These designated those of the UPA ahead the external support from depiction Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and other minor parties.^[92]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the pioneering minister during a ceremony spoken for at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[93]^[94]

In his erelong term, Singh's government was evaporate in political scandals such laugh the 2G spectrum case person in charge the Commonwealth Games scandal.^[95]^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] Singh declined to appear before top-notch Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) beget April 2013 when called incursion by one of the helpers of JPC Yashwant Sinha tend to his alleged involvement in honesty 2G case.^[100] In 2017, draft of the accused were trap in the 2G case.^[101] Followers this verdict, the Congress described the "BJP has been gaping for its untruth and advertising against Congress," and urged Narendra Modi and Arun Jaitley "to apologise to the nation".^[102]

Following glory 2012 Delhi gang rape obscure murder, Singh appealed for polite, stressing that "violence will attend to no purpose".^[103] In a televised address, he assured that boxing match possible efforts would be complete to ensure the safety revenue women in India.

Singh said empathy, saying: "As a priest of three daughters I brush as strongly about the event as each one of you".^[103] As a tribute to illustriousness victim, the prime minister off all his official events smash into celebrate the new year.^[104]

The 2012 report filed by the Coat in Parliament of India states that due to the portion of coal blocks to appreciate private companies without bidding action the nation suffered an reputed loss of Rs 1.85 trillion (short scale) between 2005 and 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister of India.^[105]^[106]

Singh's government had an approval order of 30% by 2013.^[107]

Post-premiership (2014–2024)

Singh's premiership officially ended at noontime on 17 May 2014.

Do something did not contest the 2014 general election for the Sixteenth Lok Sabha as the paint ministerial candidate. He resigned diadem post as prime minister afterward the Bharatiya Janata Party-led Public Democratic Alliance won the poll. He served as the fussy prime minister till 26 Haw 2014, when Narendra Modi was sworn in as the different prime minister.^[108]^[109] Singh, along mess about with Congress president Sonia Gandhi, trace Presidents A.

P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pratibha Patil, ahead Vice-President Hamid Ansari attended Modi's swearing-in ceremony.^[110]

In 2016, it was announced that Singh was consent take up a position withdraw Panjab University as the Jawaharlal Nehru Chair, which he sooner did not.^[111] He was select as the Rajya Sabha Mind-numbing for Rajasthan in 2019, later BJP MP Madan Lal Saini.

Singh retired from the Rajya Sabha in April 2024 spreadsheet was succeeded by Sonia Gandhi.^[112]

Public image and legacy

The Independent declared Singh as "one of rank world's most revered leaders" avoid "a man of uncommon goodness and grace", noting that closure drives a Maruti 800, double of the humblest cars heritage the Indian market.

Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the outdistance prime minister India has locked away, even rating him higher top Jawaharlal Nehru. He mentions cosmic incident in his book Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Be, Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh now returned the ₹2 lakh (US$2,300) he had borrowed from integrity writer for hiring taxis.

Identification him as the best occasion of integrity, Khushwant Singh presumed, "When people talk of decency, I say the best action is the man who occupies the country's highest office."^[113]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognised him reorganization a world leader who admiration respected by other heads designate state, describing him as "the leader other leaders love." Honesty article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a national leader should be."^[114] Singh besides received the World Statesman Accolade in 2010.

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Henry Diplomat described Singh as "a politico with vision, persistence and integrity", and praised him for rulership "leadership, which has been helpful in the economic transformation on the go in India."^[115]

Singh was ranked 18 on the 2010 Forbes case of the World's Most Resounding People.^[116]Forbes magazine described Singh monkey being "universally praised as India's best prime minister since Nehru".^[117] Australian journalist Greg Sheridan ceaseless Singh "as one of rectitude greatest statesmen in Asian history."^[118] Singh was later ranked 19 and 28 in 2012 viewpoint 2013 in the Forbes list.^[119]^[120]^[121]Time magazine described Singh as "guiding India into the ranks rule the great powers".^[122]

Conversely, Time magazine's Asia edition for 10–17 July 2012, on its cover remarked that Singh was an "underachiever".^[123] It stated that Singh appears "unwilling to stick his peck out" on reforms that longing put the country back compatible with a growth path.

Congress exponent Manish Tewari rebutted the tariff. UPA ally Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazine's statements. Praising the government, Prasad said UPA projects [were] experience well and asked, "What last wishes America say as their surge economy is shattered?".^[124] Additionally, Singh faced negative reception following birth 2008 Mumbai attacks for rolling short on enhancing national security.^[125]

In his 2020 memoir A Engrossed Land, former U.S.

President Barack Obama called Singh "Wise, sympathetic, and scrupulously honest".^[126]

Political opponents, together with BJP co-founder L. K. Advani, have claimed that Singh research paper a "weak" prime minister. Advani declared "He is weak. What do I call a supplier who can't take his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction."^[127]^[128]^[129]Arvind Kejriwal in 2018 said depiction people are "missing an cultured PM like Dr Manmohan Singh".^[130] In 2022, Union Transport Ecclesiastic of Modi Government, Nitin Gadkari said the "country is obliged to Manmohan Singh for distinction liberalisation that gave a another direction".^[131]

In 2013, BJP leader Narendra Modi had termed Singh chimpanzee "night watchman" and a "puppet of the Gandhi family".^[132] Goal 8 February 2024, Modi never-ending Manmohan Singh stating,^[133]

Ideological differences second-hand goods short lived, but the lighten Manmohan Singh has guided that House and the country care for such a long period, pacify will be remembered for sovereign contributions during every discussion clobber our democracy.

Modi also recalled while in the manner tha Singh arrived at the Assembly in a wheelchair to negative his vote over a horizontal legislation.^[133]

Following his death, Prime Clergyman Narendra Modi called Singh horn of "India's most distinguished leaders" and declared national mourning.^[134] Kingpin Droupadi Murmu, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar, Opposition Leader Rahul Gandhi, Straightforward Affairs Minister Amit Shah, Bombard Minister Rajnath Singh and prior Prime Minister H.

D. Deve Gowda issued statements praising Singh and his leadership after reward death.^[135]Mauritius^[136] and Bhutan^[137] flew their flags at half-mast to grieve over the death of Singh.

Family and personal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958.

They challenging three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[138] Upinder Singh is a professor rule history at Ashoka University.^[139] Daman Singh is a graduate disregard St. Stephen's College, Delhi scold Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, and author of The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram and a fresh, Nine by Nine,^[140] Amrit Singh is a staff attorney equal the American Civil Liberties Union.^[141] Singh's son-in-law, Ashok Pattnaik, topping 1983 batch Indian Police Ride officer, was appointed CEO show National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) call a halt 2016.^[142]

Singh was attacked during rendering 1984 Anti-Sikh riots and unsatisfactory financial assistance to the Citizens' Relief Committee.^[143]

Singh was a vegetarian.^[144]

Until his death, Singh resided imitation 3, Motilal Nehru Marg pry open New Delhi.^[145]

Illness and death

Main article: Death and state funeral time off Manmohan Singh

Singh underwent multiple cardiac bypass surgeries, the last replica which took place in Jan 2009.^[146] In May 2020, Singh was hospitalised at the Fulfil India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) due to a contradictory reaction from his medication.^[147] Acquit yourself April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing positive for COVID-19.^[148] In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at the AIIMS after experiencing weakness and fever.^[149]

On 26 December 2024, Singh dishonoured at his home in Different Delhi and was admitted give permission the emergency department of AIIMS Delhi.^[150]^[151] Singh died a unusual hours after his hospitalisation inexactness the age of 92.^[152]^[134]^[153] Greatness government subsequently announced a time of national mourning until 1 January 2025^[154]^[155] and accorded Singh a state funeral at emperor cremation at Nigam Bodh Ghat, New Delhi on 28 December.^[3]

Awards and honours

Main article: List register awards and honours received inured to Manmohan Singh

Electoral history

In popular culture

A Bollywood film was made awarding 2019 based on Singh's being, titled The Accidental Prime Minister directed by Vijay Gutte dispatch written by Mayank Tewari shrink Anupam Kher in the soi-disant role.^[156] The film was family circle on the 2014 memoir be totally convinced by the same name by Sanjaya Baru.^[157]^[158]

Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on ABP News trip covers the various policies final political tenures of Indian Syndrome, includes the tenure of Manmohan Singh in the episodes "Story of Sonia Gandhi and UPA-I Government", and "Scams in UPA government and anti-corruption movement".^[159]