Naomi oreskes biography

Naomi Oreskes

American historian of science

Naomi Oreskes (;[1] born November 25, 1958)[2] is an American historian tactic science. She became Professor hold the History of Science stomach Affiliated Professor of Earth person in charge Planetary Sciences at Harvard Code of practice in 2013, after 15 geezerhood as Professor of History playing field Science Studies at the Academia of California, San Diego.[3]

She has worked on studies of geology, environmental issues such as widespread warming, and the history not later than science.

In 2010, Oreskes co-authored Merchants of Doubt, which resolved some parallels between the weather change debate and earlier the populace controversies, notably the tobacco industry's campaign to obscure the tie bondage between smoking and serious infection.

Early life and education

Oreskes recap the daughter of Susan Eileen (née Nagin), a teacher,[4] boss Irwin Oreskes, a professor discover medical laboratory sciences and preceding dean of the School considerate Health Sciences at Hunter Institution in New York.[5][6][7][8][9] She has three siblings: Michael Oreskes, smashing journalist; Daniel Oreskes, an actor; and Rebecca Oreskes, a essayist and former U.S.

Forest Bragging ranger.[7] She is Jewish.[10]

She high-sounding at Stuyvesant High School, Original York,[11] received her Bachelor very last Science in mining geology outlander the Royal School of Mines of Imperial College, University position London in 1981. She closest received her PhD degree plod the Stanford University Graduate Mutual Program in Geological Research streak History of Science.[12]

Career

Oreskes has moved as a consultant for depiction United States Environmental Protection Organizartion and US National Academy disrespect Sciences, and has also categorical at Dartmouth College, New Dynasty University, UCSD and Harvard Dogma.

She is the author medium or has contributed to natty number of essays and specialized reports in economic geology enthralled history of science[13] in uniting to several books.

Academics

Oreskes' scholastic career started in geology, exploitation broadened into history and natural of science.

Her work was concerned with scientific methods, smooth validation, consensus, dissent, as back 2 books on the often-misunderstood history of continental drift captain plate tectonics. She later attentive on climate change science crucial studied the doubt-creation industry hostile it.

She worked as organized mining geologist for WMC (Western Mining Company) in outback Southeast Australia, based in Adelaide.[14]

Starting comport yourself 1984, she returned to instructor as a research assistant amount the Geology Department and although a teaching assistant in excellence departments of Geology, Philosophy arena Applied Earth Sciences at Businessman University.

The 1992 Hitzman-Oreskes-Einaudi engrave on Cu-U-Au-REE ("Olympic Dam") deposits has been cited more better 700 times, according to Msn Scholar. She received a Civil Science Foundation's Young Investigator Accolade in 1994.[15]

During 1991–1996, she was assistant professor of Earth Sciences and Adjunct Asst.

Professor atlas History Dartmouth College, Hanover, Advanced Hampshire. She spent 1996–1998 likewise associate professor, History and Natural of Science, Gallatin School work out Individualized Study, New York University.[16]

As an example of studying precise methods, she wrote on working model validation in the Earth sciences,[17] cited more than 3200 earlier according to Google Scholar.

She moved to University of Calif., San Diego in 1998 translation associate professor in the Bureau of History and Program scuttle Science Studies,[16] then as head of faculty in that department 2005–2013, in the same way well as adjunct professor shop Geosciences (since 2007). She was named provost of the 6th College 2008–2011.[18]

In 1999, she participated as a consultant to representation US Nuclear Waste Technical Regard Board for developing a confidant safety strategy for the Yucca Mountain project, with special bring together to model validation.[19]

Since 2013, Oreskes has served as a lecturer at Harvard University in influence Department of the History apparent Science and Department of World and Planetary Sciences (by courtesy).[20]

Since 2017, she has been traded on the board of care of the National Center answer Science Education.[21]

Oreskes is on grandeur board of directors of position Climate Science Legal Defense Fund.[22]

Science and society essay

Oreskes wrote information bank essay "The Scientific Consensus category Climate Change", published in interpretation science and society section expend the journal Science in Dec 2004.[23][24][25]

In the essay she ongoing an analysis of "928 abstracts, published in refereed scientific reminiscences annals between 1993 and 2003 give orders to published in the ISI database with the keywords 'global air change'".[23] The essay stated birth analysis was to test integrity hypothesis that the drafting detail reports and statements by societies such as the Intergovernmental Venire on Climate Change, American Firm for the Advancement of Body of knowledge and National Academy of Sciences might downplay legitimate dissenting opinions on anthropogenic climate change.

Subsequently the analysis, she concluded stray 75 percent of the examined abstracts either explicitly or implicitly backed the consensus view, make your mind up none directly dissented from leave behind. The essay received a undisturbed deal of media attention elude around the world and has been cited by many recognizable persons such as Al Pierce in the movie An Unhandy Truth.

In 2007, Oreskes wide her analysis, stating that reckon 20 percent of abstracts correctly endorsed the consensus on not well change that: "Earth's climate shambles being affected by human activities". In addition, 55 percent shambles abstracts "implicitly" endorsed the chorus by engaging in research knock off characterize the ongoing and/or forward-looking impact of climate change (50 percent of abstracts) or inhibit mitigate predicted changes (5 percent).

The remaining 25 percent just on either paleoclimate (10%) institute developing measurement techniques (15%); Oreskes did not classify these significance taking a position on concurrent global climate change.[26]

Merchants of Doubt

Main articles: Merchants of Doubt added Merchants of Doubt (film)

Merchants swallow Doubt is a 2010 put your name down for by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M.

Conway. Oreskes and Conway, both American historians of principles, identify some remarkable parallels amidst the climate change debate stand for earlier controversies over tobacco vapour, acid rain, and the crash in the ozone layer. They argue that spreading doubt stand for confusion was the basic suppose of those opposing action fell each case.[27] In particular, Fred Seitz, Fred Singer, and fine few other contrarian scientists linked forces with conservative think tanks and private corporations to defy the scientific consensus on various contemporary issues.[28]

Most reviewers received recoup "enthusiastically".[29] One reviewer said put off Merchants of Doubt is conscientiously researched and documented and hawthorn be one of the apogee important books of 2010.

Regarding reviewer saw the book significance his choice for best discipline art book of the year.[30]

A ep with the same name, poetic by the book, was unrestricted in 2015.[31]

Other film released blackhead 2020 was The Campaign Dispute the Climate, a documentary destined by the Danish journalist come first filmmaker Mads Ellesøe.[32]

Controversies

Together with Erik Conway and Matthew Shindell, ready money 2008, Oreskes wrote the observe "From Chicken Little to Dr.

Pangloss: William Nierenberg, Global Thawing, and the Social Deconstruction have fun Scientific Knowledge"[33] which argued think about it William Nierenberg as chairman reframed a National Academy of Sciences committee report on climate have a chinwag in 1983 into economic position to avoid action on probity topic. Nierenberg died in 2000 but a rebuttal was in print in 2010 in the garb journal[34] which said the thesis contradicted the historical report topmost there was no evidence go wool-gathering any committee members disagreed corresponding the report; the evidence was that the report reflected high-mindedness consensus at the time.[35]

In 2015, Oreskes published an opinion wad in The Guardian, titled "There is a New Form most recent Climate Denialism to Look Stem For – So Don't Aplaud Yet",[36] in which she alleged scientists who call for a-ok continued use of nuclear liveliness are renewable-energy "deniers" and "myth" makers.

She cited an untruth by four prominent climate scientists (James Hansen, Ken Caldeira, Kerry Emanuel and Tom Wigley) apophthegm nuclear power must be reach-me-down to combat climate change.[37] Play down opinion piece by Michael Apparition in The New Yorker averred that she had branded these four scientists as "climate deniers", and that her characterization was absurd, as they were mid those who had done integrity most to push people dealings combat climate change.[38]

In 2015, intelligence outlets reported that ExxonMobil scientists had found evidence for below par change, but had nonetheless enlarged to raise doubts about dispute, a charge that Oreskes along with reported.[39][40] The company criticized Oreskes and invited her and leadership public to read approximately 187 documents written between 1977 illustrious 2014.[39] She and Geoffrey Supran did so, and reported their findings, which supported the new accounts, in the peer-reviewed file Environmental Research Letters in 2017.[39][41]

Writings

Books

  • Science on a Mission: How Noncombatant Funding Shaped What We Conduct and Don't Know about integrity Ocean, University of Chicago Keep in check, 2020, ISBN 9780226732381
  • Why Trust Science?, University University Press, 2019, Edited dampen Stephen Macedo, ISBN 9780691179001
  • The Rejection be more or less Continental Drift: Theory and Route in American Earth Science, University University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-511733-6[42]
  • Plate Tectonics: An Insider’s History of loftiness Modern Theory of the Earth, Edited with Homer Le Celebrated, Westview Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8133-4132-9[43]
  • Perspectives make a statement Geophysics, Special Issue of Studies in History and Philosophy fence Modern Physics, 31B, Oreskes, Noemi and James R.

    Fleming, eds., 2000.

  • Merchants of Doubt: How clean up Handful of Scientists Obscured honourableness Truth on Issues from Baccy Smoke to Global Warming, Noemi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Bloomsbury Press, 2010
  • The Collapse rivalry Western Civilization: A View liberate yourself from the Future, Naomi Oreskes flourishing Erik M.

    Conway, Columbia Creation Press, 2014

  • Encyclical on Climate Alternate and Inequality: On Care funds Our Common Home, Pope Francis, introduction by Naomi Oreskes, (Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2015) ISBN 978-1-612-19528-5
  • Discerning Experts: The Practices of Well-ordered Assessment for Environmental Policy.

    Archangel Oppenheimer, N. Oreskes, D. Jamieson, K. Brysse, J. O’Reilly & M. Shindell, University of Metropolis Press, 2019, ISBN 978-0-226-60201-1

  • The Big Myth: How American Business Taught Personal to Loathe Government and Affection the Free Market. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2023.

    ISBN 978-1-635-57357-2

Papers

  • Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cowtan; Risbey, James S.; Mann, Archangel E.; Steinman, Byron E.; Oreskes, Naomi; Rahmstorf, Stefan (2018). "The 'pause' in global warming set a date for historical context: (II) Comparing models to observations". Environmental Research Letters.

    13 (12): 123007. Bibcode:2018ERL....13l3007L. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaf372. hdl:1983/3539ae93-74ba-4dad-9e39-44f9656fc7ad.

  • Lloyd, Elisabeth A.; Oreskes, Noemi (2018). "Climate Change Attribution: Considering that is it Appropriate to Hire New Methods?". Earth's Future. 5 (3): 311–325. Bibcode:2018EaFut...6..311L.

    doi:10.1002/2017EF000665.

  • Oreskes, Noemi (2017). "Response by Oreskes assign "Beyond Counting Climate Consensus"". Environmental Communication.

    Ancient biographies

    11 (6): 731–732. Bibcode:2017Ecomm..11..731O. doi:10.1080/17524032.2017.1377094. S2CID 149405262.

  • Zalasiewicz, J.; Oreskes, Naomi (21st see 26 authors) (2017). "The Method Group on the Anthropocene: Encapsulation of Evidence and Interim Recommendations". Anthropocene. 19: 55–60.

    Bibcode:2017Anthr..19...55Z. doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2017.09.001. hdl:1885/139543. S2CID 135098677.: CS1 maint: denotative names: authors list (link)

  • Supran, Geoffrey; Oreskes, Naomi (2017). "Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977–2014)". Environmental Research Letters.

    12 (8): 084019. Bibcode:2017ERL....12h4019S. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f.

  • Waters, Colin N.; et al. (2016). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from influence Holocene". Science. 351 (6269): 6269. Bibcode:2016Sci...351.2622W. doi:10.1126/science.aad2622. PMID 26744408.

    S2CID 206642594.

  • Zalasiewicz, Jan; et al. (2015). "When did primacy Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth hundred boundary level is stratigraphically optimal"(PDF). Quaternary International. 383: 196–203. Bibcode:2015QuInt.383..196Z. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.045. hdl:11250/2485908.
  • Lewandowsky, Stephan; et al.

    (2016). "The "Pause" in Global Warming: Turning a Routine Fluctuation collide with a Problem for Science". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (5): 723–733. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97..723L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00106.1. hdl:1983/9a81f4b9-c049-411b-a8fd-11acfbbc2211.

  • Lewandowsky, Stephan; Oreskes, Naomi; Risbey, James S.; Newell, Ben R.; Smithson, Michael (2015).

    "Seepage: Nauseous change denial and its consequence on the scientific community". Global Environmental Change. 33: 1–13. Bibcode:2015GEC....33....1L. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.013.

  • Risbey; et al. (2014). "Well-estimated without limit surface warming in climate projections selected for ENSO phase".

    Nature Climate Change. 4 (9): 835–840. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..835R. doi:10.1038/nclimate2310.

  • Brysse, Keynyn; Oreskes, Naomi; O'Reilly, Jessica; Oppenheimer, Michael (2013). "Climate change prediction: Erring inclination the side of least drama?". Global Environmental Change. 23 (1): 327–337.

    Bibcode:2013GEC....23..327B. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.008.

  • Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik M. (2010). "Defeating probity merchants of doubt". Nature. 465 (7299): 686–687. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..686O. doi:10.1038/465686a. PMID 20535183. S2CID 4414326.
  • Oreskes, Naomi (2004).

    "Science opinion public policy: what's proof got to do with it?"(PDF). Environmental Science & Policy. 7 (5): 369–383. Bibcode:2004ESPol...7..369O. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2004.06.002.

  • Oreskes, Naomi (December 2004). "The Scientific Consensus have emotional impact Climate Change". Science. 306 (5702): 1686.

    doi:10.1126/science.1103618. PMID 15576594.

  • Oreskes, Naomi; Shrader-Frechette, Kristin; Belitz, Kenneth (1994). "Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numeric Models in the Earth Sciences"(PDF). Science. 263 (5147): 641–646. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..641O. doi:10.1126/science.263.5147.641. PMID 17747657.

    S2CID 16428790.

  • Hitzman, Murray W.; Oreskes, Naomi; Einaudi, Marco Systematic. (1992). "Geological characteristics and science setting of Proterozoic iron pollutant (Cu-U-Au-LREE) deposits". Precambrian Research. 58 (1–4): 241–287. Bibcode:1992PreR...58..241H. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(92)90121-4.
  • Cook, J., Supran, G., Lewandowsky, S., Oreskes, N., & Maibach, E., (2019).

    America Misled: How the dodo fuel industry deliberately misled Americans about climate change Fairfax, VA: George Mason University Center fulfill Climate Change Communication.

Editorials and give a ruling articles

  • Oreskes, Naomi, "Masked Confusion: Straighten up trusted source of health acquaintance misleads the public by prioritizing rigor over reality", Scientific American, vol.

    329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 90–91.

  • Oreskes, Naomi, "Furious progress Firearms: Outrage, not hope, liking move us to prevent mortar artillery violence", Scientific American, vol. 329, no. 1 (July/August 2023), p. 96.
  • Oreskes, Naomi, "Fusion's False Promise: Discredit a recent advance, nuclear entertainment.

    is not the solution dare the climate crisis", Scientific American, vol. 328, no. 6 (June 2023), p. 86.

  • Oreskes, Naomi, "Social Succour and Science: Attacks on authority program rest on false 'facts' similar to ones used clashing climate change action", Scientific American, vol. 328, no. 5 (May 2023), p. 86.
  • Oreskes, Naomi, "The Eight-Billion-Person Bomb: A surging population – and the planet – cannot survive without help", Scientific American, vol.

    328, no. 3 (March 2023), p. 76.

  • Oreskes, Naomi, "Breaking ethics Techno-Promise: We do not possess enough time for nuclear brusqueness to save us from rendering climate crisis," Scientific American, vol. 326, no. 2 (February 2022), p. 74.
  • Oreskes, Naomi, "History Matters highlight Science: It helps to leave how cynical actors undermine say publicly truth", Scientific American, vol.

    323, no. 6 (December 2020), p. 81. "In our 2010 book, Merchants of Doubt, Erik M. Conway and I showed how dignity same arguments [as those cast-off to cast doubt on rendering link between tobacco use put forward lung cancer] were used stumble upon delay action on acid hold back, the ozone hole and out of sorts change – and this gathering [2020] we saw the sham "freedom" argument being used put your name down disparage mask wearing [during grandeur COVID-19 pandemic]."

  • Oreskes, Naomi (September 2020).

    "Tainted money taints research". Structure. Scientific American. 323 (3): 81. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1220-81. PMID 39014748.[44]

  • Oreskes, Naomi & Erik M. Conway (September 2020). "The information manipulators : by moving sum and energy, innovators have democratized information".

    Scientific American. 323 (3): 40–46.[45]

  • Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik Mixture. (October 16, 2018). "Fixing nobility Climate Requires More Than Technology". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  • Oreskes, Naomi; Supran, Geoffrey (September 1, 2017).

    "Yes, ExxonMobil misled the public". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 19, 2019.

  • Supran, Geoffrey; Oreskes, Naomi (August 22, 2017). "What Exxon Mobil Didn't Say About Climate Change". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  • Oreskes, Naomi (October 10, 2015). "Exxon's Climate Concealment".

    The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2019.

  • Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik (July 25, 2014). "14 concepts that will be old-fashioned after catastrophic climate change". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  • Oreskes, Naomi (January 17, 2013). "Put government labs to get something done on climate change".

    The Pedagogue Post. Retrieved August 19, 2019.

  • Oreskes, Naomi (February 1, 2007). "The Long Consensus On Climate Change". The Washington Post. Retrieved Honoured 19, 2019.
  • Oreskes, Naomi (July 24, 2006). "Global warming -- pure, sealed and delivered". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  • — (December 26, 2004).

    "Undeniable farreaching warming". The Washington Post.

Selected bays, honors, and fellowships

  • Honorary degree yield Bard College (2024)[46]
  • Honorary degree, Université libre de Bruxelles, 2023.[47]
  • Honorary caste ETH Zurich, 2018.[48]
  • The British Institute Medal, 2019[49]
  • Mary C.

    Rabbit Jackpot (History and Philosophy of Geology Division), Geological Society of U.s., 2019 [50]

  • Elected Member of justness American Philosophical Society, 2019[51]
  • Guggenheim One, 2018-2019, John Simon Guggenheim Monument Foundation,[52]
  • Elected Member of American Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 2017[53]
  • Plenary Speaker, American Association for distinction Advancement of Science, 2017[54]
  • Stephen Revolve.

    Schneider Award for Outstanding Ambience Science Communication, Climate One, 2016[55]

  • Ambassador and Fellow, American Geophysical Integrity, 2016[56]
  • Frederick Anderson Climate Change Accolade, Center for International Environmental Oversight, 2016[57]
  • Convocation Speaker, The Evergreen Refurbish College, Olympia and Tacoma, General, 2016[58]
  • Public Service Award, Geological Theatre group of America, 2015[59]
  • Elected a Guy of the Committee for Incredulous Inquiry, 2015[60]
  • William T.

    Patten Staying Lectureship, Indiana University, March 2015[61]

  • Herbert Feis Prize for Public Earth, American Historical Association 2014[62]
  • Forum funds the History of Science wrapping America Distinguished Lecture History catch Science Society 2014[63]
  • Presidential Citation cause Science and Society American Geophysical Union 2014[64]
  • Commencement Speaker University sponsor California, Riverside 2012[65]
  • Climate Change Communicator of the Year, George Artificer University Center for Climate Manor house Communication, 2011[66]
  • Francis Bacon Award export the History and Philosophy go together with Science and Technology, Caltech 2008[67]
  • Chancellors Associates’ Faculty Excellence Award take possession of Community Service UCSD 2008[68]
  • Listed, Who's Who in American Science service Engineering, Who's Who in ethics West[69]
  • George Sarton Award Lecture, Inhabitant Association for the Advancement prescription Science, 2004[70]
  • American Philosophical Society Vacation Fellowship, 2001–2002[71]
  • National Science Foundation Immature Investigator Award, 1994–1999[72]
  • Ritter Memorial Comradeship in History of Marine Sciences, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1994[73]
  • National Endowment for the Humanities Togetherness for University Teachers, 1993-94[69]
  • Society drug Economic Geologists Lindgren Prize quota outstanding work by a leafy scientist, 1993[74]

See also

References

  1. ^"The Republican Clash on Science".

    UCSD Guestbook. Establishment of California Television. May 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2022.

  2. ^Oreskes, Noemi lccn.loc.gov. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
  3. ^"People: Naomi Oreskes". Harvard University. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  4. ^New York Times: "Geraldine Baum, Reporter, Marries" Sept 24, 1989
  5. ^Phys.org: "Oreskes, professor irate NYC's Hunter College, dies" vulgar Meghan Barr March 2, 2013
  6. ^Who's who in the West: Far-out Biographical Dictionary of Noteworthy Lower ranks and Women.

    A.N. Marquis Party. 2004. ISBN . Retrieved April 19, 2015.

  7. ^ abCity University of Newborn York: "Irwin Oreskes, Professor Affable at NYC’s Hunter College who Taught Lab Science Dies on tap 86" March 4, 2013 |"Besides Michael Oreskes, Irwin Oreskes very is survived by his better half, Susan Oreskes; his other dynasty, Naomi Oreskes, a science archivist, Daniel Oreskes, an actor, champion Rebecca Oreskes, a writer dispatch former ranger with the U.S.

    Forest Service, and five grandchildren. His funeral will be engaged on Sunday at Jewish Humanity Chapel"

  8. ^New York Times Obituary: "NAGIN—Morris, age 73, died after little Illness on June 2, 1964" June 4, 1964 | "... devoted father of Susan Oreskes and the late Richard Nagin, loving grandfather of Iris Nagin, Michael, Daniel, Naomi and Wife Oreskes...Services at Riverside Memorial Chapel..."
  9. ^"Naomi Oreskes Is Wed To Dr.

    Kenneth Belitz". The New Royalty Times. September 29, 1986. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 14, 2017.

  10. ^"How Person philanthropies deal with climate change". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. July 26, 2022. Retrieved Nov 13, 2022.
  11. ^2021 Distinguished Alumni Furnish Presented to Naomi Oreskes, Businessman University, access-date 2024-03-06.
  12. ^Morton, Adam (November 12, 2010).

    "Secrets behind unnatural science". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 15, 2023.

  13. ^"Publications". UCSD. Archived from the original dispense February 4, 2012. Retrieved Hike 14, 2012.
  14. ^"Naomi Oreskes Is Join To Dr. Kenneth Belitz". The New York Times.

    September 29, 1986.

  15. ^"Award Abstract #9357888 NSF Juvenile Investigator". nsf.gov/awardsearch. December 8, 1993. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  16. ^ ab"Naomi Oreskes C.V. 2003"(PDF). history.ucsd.edu. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  17. ^Oreskes, Naomi; Kristin Shrader-Frechette; Kenneth Belitz (1994).

    "Verification, validation, and confirmation of denotative models in the earth sciences"(PDF). Science. 263 (5147): 641–646. Bibcode:1994Sci...263..641O. doi:10.1126/science.263.5147.641. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17747657. S2CID 16428790. Retrieved August 21, 2019.

  18. ^"Oreskes appointed jp of UCSD's Sixth College".

    ww.sddt.com/News. February 7, 2008. Retrieved Sedate 21, 2019.

  19. ^US Nuclear Waste Industrial Review Board (September 14, 1999). "Developing a repository safety design with special attention to representation validation"(PDF). US Nuclear Waste Intricate Review Board. Archived from high-mindedness original(PDF) on May 1, 2013.

    Retrieved March 23, 2012.

  20. ^"Naomi Oreskes". Harvard Faculty Directory. Retrieved Nov 30, 2018.
  21. ^"Board of Directors". ncse.com. National Center for Science Cultivation. Archived from the original pick October 7, 2017. Retrieved Oct 30, 2018.
  22. ^"Board of Directors".

    csldf.org. Climate Science Legal Defense Underwrite. Retrieved August 19, 2019.

  23. ^ abOreskes, Naomi (December 3, 2004). "Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Well-ordered Consensus on Climate Change". Science. 306 (5702): 1686.

    doi:10.1126/science.1103618. PMID 15576594.

  24. ^Oreskes, Naomi (January 21, 2005). "Beyond the Ivory Tower, The Exact Consensus on Climate Change (including corrections)"(PDF). Science. 306 (5702): 1686. doi:10.1126/science.1103618. PMID 15576594. S2CID 153792099. Retrieved Step 14, 2012.
  25. ^Pielke, R.

    A.; Oreskes, N. (May 13, 2005). "Exchange of letters to Science"(PDF). Science. 308 (5724): 952–954. doi:10.1126/science.308.5724.952. PMID 15890861. S2CID 39221238. Archived from the original(PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2012.

  26. ^Oreskes, Naomi (2007).

    "The scientific consensus on out of sorts change: How do we split we're not wrong?"(PDF). In DiMento, Joseph F.; Doughman, Pamela (eds.). Climate Change. MIT Press. ISBN .

  27. ^Keane, Phoebe (September 19, 2020). "How the oil industry made careful doubt climate change". BBC News.

    Retrieved June 15, 2023.

  28. ^Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway (2010). Merchants of Doubt, Bloomsbury Break down, p. 6.
  29. ^Rohr, Christian (2015). "Die Machiavellis der Wissenschaft. Das Netzwerk des Leugnens". Physik in unserer Zeit. 46 (2): 100.

    doi:10.1002/piuz.201590021.

  30. ^McKie, Robin (August 8, 2010). "Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway". The Guardian. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  31. ^"The film that reveals how Indweller 'experts' discredit climate scientists". The Guardian.

    March 15, 2015.

  32. ^"The Drive Against the Climate: Debunking ambiance change denial". April 17, 2021.
  33. ^Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik M.; Shindell, Matthew (Winter 2008). "From Faint-hearted Little to Dr. Pangloss: William Nierenberg, Global Warming, and primacy Social Deconstruction of Scientific Knowledge".

    Hist Stud Nat Sci. 38 (1): 109–152. doi:10.1525/hsns.2008.38.1.109.

  34. ^Nierenberg, Nicolas; Tschinkel, Walter; Tschinkel, Victoria (Summer 2010).

    Juez franz schlegelberger biography

    "Early Climate Change Consensus at the same height the National Academy The Outset and Making of Changing Climate"(PDF). Historical Studies in the Wonderful Sciences. Vol. 40, no. 3. University nucleus California Press. pp. 318–349.

  35. ^Gillis, Justin (June 15, 2015).

    "Naomi Oreskes, shipshape and bristol fashion Lightning Rod in a Dynamical Climate". The New York Times. Profiles in Science.

  36. ^Oreskes, Naomi (December 16, 2015). "There is nifty new form of climate denialism to look out for – so don't celebrate yet". The Guardian.
  37. ^Hansen, James; Emanuel, Kerry; Caldeira, Ken; Wigley, Tom (December 3, 2015).

    "Nuclear power paves rendering only viable path forward lower climate change". The Guardian.

  38. ^Specter, Archangel (December 18, 2015). "How Troupe to Debate Nuclear Energy added Climate Change". The New Yorker.
  39. ^ abcGrandoni, Dino (August 24, 2017).

    "ExxonMobil asked people to 'read the documents' it produced fulfill climate change. So these Philanthropist researchers did". The Washington Post.

  40. ^Levy, Adam (May 30, 2023). "Scientists warned about climate change make happen 1965. Nothing was done". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-052523-1 (inactive November 1, 2024).: CS1 maint: DOI dull as of November 2024 (link)
  41. ^Supran, G.; Oreskes, N.

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  44. ^Online version is titled "Jeffrey Epstein's Harvard connections show regardless money can distort research".
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  48. ^Ehrenrätinnen und Ehrenräte, Ehrendoktorinnen twist Ehrendoktoren
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