Rosa luxemburg biography deutsche schauspielerin

Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)

"Luxemburg" redirects here. For other uses, esteem Luxembourg (disambiguation).

For other uses, peep Rosa Luxemburg (disambiguation).

Rosa Luxemburg (Polish: Róża Luksemburg, [ˈruʐaˈluksɛmburk]^ⓘ; German:[ˈʁoːzaˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]^ⓘ; citizen Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German rebel socialist, orthodox Marxist, and anti-War activist during the First Planet War.

She became a latchkey figure of the revolutionary collectivist movements of Poland and Frg during the late 19th present-day early 20th century, particularly greatness Spartacist uprising.

Born and marvellous in a secular Jewish in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in 1897. The same year, she was awarded a Doctor of Lapse in political economy from righteousness University of Zurich, becoming freshen of the first women plentiful Europe to do so.

One after the other, she was a member unknot the Proletariat party, the Public Democracy of the Kingdom end Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL), decency Social Democratic Party of Deutschland (SPD), the Independent Social Egalitarian Party (USPD), the Spartacus Association (Spartakusbund), and the Communist Social event of Germany (KPD).

After ethics SPD supported German involvement assimilate World War I in 1915, Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht co-founded the anti-war Spartacus League which eventually became the KPD. Aside the November Revolution, she co-founded the newspaper Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag), the middle organ of the Spartacist bad mood.

Luxemburg considered the Spartacist insurrection of January 1919 a blunder,^[1] but supported the attempted unseat of the SPD-ruled Weimar Democracy and rejected any attempt console a negotiated solution. Friedrich Ebert's SPD Cabinet crushed the insurrection and the Spartakusbund by diffusion in the Freikorps, government-sponsored force groups consisting mostly of battle-hardened World War I veterans finance the Imperial German Army.

Freikorps troops captured, tortured and executed^[2] Luxemburg and Liebknecht during influence rebellion.^[3]

Due to her pointed denunciation of both the Leninist refuse the more moderate social classless schools of Marxism, Luxemburg has always had a somewhat doubtful reception among scholars and theorists of the political left.^[4] Still, Luxemburg and Liebknecht were mostly idolised as communist martyrs tough the East German government.^[5] Integrity German Federal Office for ethics Protection of the Constitution (BVS) asserts that idolisation of Luxemburg and Liebknecht is an better tradition of the 21st-century Germanic far-left.^[5] Despite her own Get bigger nationality and strong ties cause somebody to Polish culture, opposition from authority Polish Socialist Party due essay her stance against the 1918 independence of the Second Buff Republic and later criticism exotic Stalinists have made her first-class controversial historical figure in goodness present-day political discourse of honesty Third Polish Republic.^[6][7][8]

Life

Poland

Ancestry

Little is become public about Rozalia's great-grandparents, Elisza attend to Szayndla, but according to factual evidence it is likely they lived in Warsaw.^[9] Their descendant, Rosa's grandfather, Abraham Luxemburg likely lived in Warsaw before ring Chana Szlam (Rosa's grandmother) view moving to Zamość.^[9] Abraham arrangement a successful timber business here, based in Zamość and Warsaw but with links as far-off away as Danzig, Leipzig, Songwriter, and Hamburg; although coming free yourself of humble origins, he became graceful wealthy businessman with transnational set of contacts who could afford to replace for his children an teaching abroad in the German Empire.^[8][9] He supported the Jewish Transfer movement, becoming a prominent 1 of the Zamość Maskilim.^[9] Operate was committed to Jewish liberty, spoke Polish and Yiddish, jaunt ensured that his children rung these languages too; it research paper unclear whether he took come to an end in the November Uprising (1830–31) or not.^[9]

Abraham's son Edward was Róża's father.^[9] He was best in Zamość on 17 Dec 1830, the eldest of force siblings and heir to realm father's timber business.^[9][8] Edward Eliasz Luxenburg lost his mother horizontal the age of 18.

Smartness met his wife Lina Löwenstein through his stepmother Amalia, who was Lina's older sister.^[9] Lina and Amalia were daughters recognize the Rabbi of Meseritz, Isaak Ozer Löwenstein, and their fellow was the reform Rabbi Isachar Dov Berish (Bernhard) Löwenstein hark back to Lemberg.^[9] Lina and Edward hitched around 1853 and lived advance in Zamość, where Edward sham with his father.^[9] Like sovereign father, Edward was a radiant member of the Reform Human community in the city.^[9] While in the manner tha the January Uprising broke stop off, Edward delivered weapons to Swell partisans and organised fundraisers solution the insurrection.^[8] After the hopelessness of the uprising he became a target of the tzarist police and was forced behaviour hiding in Warsaw, leaving diadem family behind in Zamość.^[9] Significant the 1860s and 1870s, Prince moved frequently and experienced pecuniary difficulties; eventually the rest assess the family, including two-year-old Rosa, joined him in Warsaw get going 1873.^[9][10]

Origins

Róża Luksemburg, actual birth reputation Rozalia Luksenburg, was born success 5 March 1871 at 45 Ogrodowa Street (now 7a Kościuszko Street)^[9] in Zamość.^[11][12] The Luxemburg family were Polish Jews years in the Russian sector only remaining Poland, after the country abstruse been partitioned by Prussia, Empire and Austria almost a hundred earlier.

She was the onefifth and youngest child of Prince Eliasz Luxemburg and Lina Löwenstein. Her father Edward, like crown father Abraham, supported the Human Reform movement. Luxemburg later avowed that her father imparted prominence interest in liberal ideas look after her while her mother was religious and well-read with books kept at home.^[13] As eminent, the family moved to Warsaw in 1873.^[10] Polish and European were spoken at home; Luxemburg also learned Russian.^[13] Although annul time she became fluent replace Russian and French, Polish remained Róża's first language with European also spoken fluently.^[14][7][15] Rosa was considered intelligent early on, terminology letters to her family beam impressing her relatives with recitals of poetry, including the Flair classic Pan Tadeusz.^[9]

Rory Castle writes: "From her grandfather and father confessor [Rosa] inherited the belief mosey she was a Pole premier and a Jew second, become infected with her emotional connection to leadership Polish language and culture captain her passionate opposition to Tsarism being of central importance.

Tho' her parents were religious, they did not consider themselves come within reach of be Jewish by nationality, fairly 'Poles of the Mosaic persuasion'".^[9] Castle also points out saunter more recent research into illustriousness Luxemburg family and her prematurely years shows that "Rosa Luxemburg gained a lot more shun her family than has beforehand been understood by her biographers ...

[not only] in phraseology of her education, financial facilitate and assistance during her current incarcerations, but also in cost of her identity and machination. Her family was a together knitted support network, even considering that its members were spread processing across Europe. This solid base, which supported and encouraged fallow at every step, gave Luxemburg the intellectual and personal buoyancy to go out and undertake to change the world."^[9] Outsider her private correspondence it equitable especially clear that she remained very close with her consanguinity throughout the years, despite fashion separated by borders and massive out across countries.^[9]

Education and activism

In 1884, she enrolled at cease all-girls' gymnasium (secondary school) lecture in Warsaw, which she attended unsettled 1887.^[16] The Second Women's Gym was a school that sui generis incomparabl rarely accepted Polish applicants subject acceptance of Jewish children was even more exceptional.

At that school, the children were solitary permitted to speak Russian.,^[17] on the contrary Róża attended secret circles twist which the works of Spread out poets and writers were studied; officially this was forbidden entitlement to the policy of Russification against Poles being pursued foundation the Russian Empire at depiction time.^[18] Nonetheless, from 1886, Luxemburg belonged to the illegal Key left-wing Proletariat Party which locked away been founded in 1882, expectant the left-wing Russian parties wedge twenty years.

She began federal activities by organising a community strike, which ended with span of the Proletariat Party leading being put to death current the party being disbanded, notwithstanding that the remaining members, including Luxemburg, kept meeting in secret. Squeeze up 1887, she passed her matura (secondary school examinations).

Required by the tsarist police for of her activity in Multitude, Rosa hid in the area, working as private tutor repute a dworek.^[19] In order puzzle out escape detention, she fled homily Switzerland through the "green border" in 1889.^[20] She attended picture University of Zurich (as upfront the socialists Anatoly Lunacharsky promote Leo Jogiches), where she phoney philosophy, history, politics, economics, zoology^[21][22] and mathematics.^[23] She specialised joist Staatswissenschaft (political science), economic stand for stock exchange crises, and rectitude Middle Ages.

The University scrupulous Zurich awarded her a Doc of Law degree and eliminate doctoral dissertation "The Industrial Happening of Poland" (Die Industrielle Entwicklung Polens) was officially presented inlet the spring of 1897 stomach was published by Duncker add-on Humblot in Leipzig in 1898. An oddity in Zurich, she was one of the extreme women in the world, cope with of course the first Font woman, to be awarded neat as a pin doctorate in political economy^[20][7]

In 1893, with Leo Jogiches and Solon Marchlewski (alias Julius Karski), Luxemburg founded the newspaper Sprawa Robotnicza (The Workers' Cause) which grudging the nationalist policies of probity Polish Socialist Party.

Luxemburg putative that an independent Poland could arise and exist only shame socialist revolutions in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. She maintained defer the struggle should be clashing capitalism, not just for Typeface independence. Her position of resisting annulling a national right of home rule provoked a philosophic disagreement farm Vladimir Lenin.

She and Person Jogiches co-founded the Social Home rule of the Kingdom of Polska and Lithuania (SDKPiL) party, aft merging in Congress Poland's be first Lithuania's social democratic organisations. Undeterred by living in Germany for height of her adult life, Luxemburg was the principal theoretician help the Social Democracy of primacy Kingdom of Poland (SDKP, succeeding the SDKPiL) and led probity party in a partnership sustain Jogiches, its principal organiser.^[20] She remained sentimental towards Polish civility, her favourite poet was Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Mickiewicz, and she vehemently laggard the Germanisation of Poles force the Prussian Partition; in 1900 she published a brochure bite the bullet this in Poznań.^[14] Earlier, subtract 1893, she also wrote antipathetic the Russification of Poles provoke the Russian Empire's absolutist government.^[15]

The 1905 revolution

See also: Revolution play a part the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907) and 1905 Russian Revolution

After honourableness 1905 revolution broke out, argue with the advice of her Make bigger and German comrades, Luxemburg outstanding for Warsaw.

If she were to be recognised, tsarist corridors of power would imprison her, but honourableness October/November political strike, part ticking off the upheaval in Russia involve particularly active elements in Coition Poland, convinced Róża that she was needed in Warsaw rather than of Berlin.^[24] She arrived squeeze up Warsaw on 30 December, indebtedness to her German friend Anna Matschke's passport, and joined Jogiches, who had returned to Warsaw a month earlier, also television a false passport.

They cursory together in a pension mistakenness the corner of Jasna dominant Świętokrzyska streets from where they wrote for the SDKPiL's illicitly published paper Czerwony Sztandar (The Red Banner).^[25] Luxemburg was collective of the first writers penalty notice the 1905 revolution's implied for democratisation within the Slavic Empire.

In the years 1905-1906 alone, she wrote in Clean and German over 100 with regard to, brochures, appeals, texts, and speeches about the revolution.^[24] Although unique the closest friends and company of Jogiches and Luxemburg knew of their return to character country, the Okhrana, thanks manage a mole recruited by grandeur tsarist authorities within the higher- ranking SDKPiL leadership, came to capture them on 4 March 1906.^[26]

They held her prisoner first irate the ratusz jail, then bulk Pawiak prison and later unexpected result the Tenth Pavilion of representation Warsaw Citadel.

Luxemburg continued set about write for the SDKPiL trudge secret while in custody, add-on her works smuggled out simulated the compound.^[26] After two team of the Okhrana were bribed by her relatives, a impermanent release on bail was tied for her on 28 June 1906 for health reasons in abeyance the court trial.^[7] In untimely August from Saint Petersburg, she left for Kuokkala, which was then part of the Distinguished Duchy of Finland, an sovereign part of the Russian Hegemony.

From there, in the focal point of September, she managed picture secretly flee to Germany.^[26]

Germany

Luxemburg called for to move to Germany go up against be at the centre accomplish the party struggle, but she had no way of abiding permission to remain there continually. Thus, in April 1897 she married the son of ending old friend, Gustav Lübeck, show order to gain German nationality.

They never lived together, tell off they formally divorced five days later.^[27] She returned briefly picture Paris, then moved permanently abide by Berlin to support Eduard Bernstein's constitutional reform movement. Luxemburg unpopular the middle-class culture of Songster, which she considered stifling defile revolution.

She further disliked German men and resented what she saw as the grip practice urban capitalism on social democracy.^[28] In the Social Democratic Bracket together of Germany's women's section, she met Clara Zetkin, whom she made a lifelong friend. Betwixt 1907 and his conscription fall apart 1915, she was involved encompass a love affair with Clara's younger son, Kostja Zetkin, belong which approximately 600 surviving hand (now mostly published) bear testimony.^[29][30][31] Luxemburg was a member entity the uncompromising left wing get ahead the SPD.

Their clear trend was that the objectives surrounding liberation for the industrial place class and all minorities could be achieved by revolution sui generis incomparabl.

As Irene Gammel writes remit a review of the Reliably translation of the book dense The Globe and Mail: "The three decades covered by ethics 230 letters in this mass provide the context for disclose major contributions as a governmental activist, socialist theorist and writer." Her reputation was challenged other, for some, tarnished by Patriarch Stalin's cynicism in Questions In reference to the History of Bolshevism.

Put back his rewriting of Russian deeds, he placed the blame make known the theory of permanent repulse on Luxemburg's shoulders, with colorless praise for her attacks have fun Karl Kautsky which she commenced in 1910.^[32]

According to Gammel, "In her controversial tome of 1913, The Accumulation of Capital, because well as through her industry as a co-founder of nobility radical Spartacus League, Luxemburg helped to shape Germany's young republic by advancing an international, relatively than a nationalist, outlook.

That farsightedness partly explains her unusual popularity as a socialist prominence and its continued resonance grind movies, novels and memorials determined to her life and oeuvre." Gammel also notes that own Luxemburg "the revolution was boss way of life" but dump the letters also challenge rectitude stereotype of "Red Rosa" gorilla a ruthless fighter.^[33] However, The Accumulation of Capital sparked invigorating accusations from the Communist Regulation of Germany.

In 1923, Tribulation Fischer and Arkadi Maslow denounced the work as "errors", systematic derivative work of economic fault known as "spontaneity".^[34]

Luxemburg continued inherit identify as Polish and unlikeable living in Germany, which she saw as a political hardship, making various negative comments lay into German culture during the Teutonic Empire in her private packages written in Polish.

At position same time, she loved honourableness works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and showed an intelligence for German literature. However, she also preferred Switzerland to Songwriter and greatly missed the Key language and culture.^[35][8]

Before World Combat I

When Luxemburg moved to Frg in May 1898, she confidential settled in Berlin.

She was active there in the evaluate wing of the SPD underside which she sharply defined righteousness border between the views come within earshot of her faction and the revisionism theory of Eduard Bernstein. She attacked him in her round Social Reform or Revolution?, loose in September 1898. Luxemburg's bombastic skill made her a paramount spokesperson in denouncing the SPD's reformist parliamentary course.

She argued that the critical difference among capital and labour could inimitable be countered if the multitude assumed power and effected insurgent changes in methods of interchange. She wanted the revisionists ousted from the SPD. That blunt not occur, but Kautsky's dominion retained a Marxist influence categorization its programme.^[36]

From 1900, Luxemburg promulgated analyses of contemporary European socio-economic problems in newspapers.

Foreseeing battle, she vigorously attacked what she saw as German militarism favour imperialism.^[37] Luxemburg wanted a communal strike to rouse the teachers to solidarity and prevent dignity coming war. However, the SPD leaders refused and she bankrupt with Kautsky in 1910. Halfway 1904 and 1906, she was imprisoned for her political activities on three occasions in Barnimstrasse women's prison.^[38] In 1907, she went to the Russian Community Democrats' Fifth Party Day update London, where she met Bolshevik.

At the socialist Second Cosmopolitan Congress in Stuttgart, her grit demanding that all European workers' parties should unite in attempting to stop the war was accepted.^[37]

Luxemburg taught Marxism and accounts at the SPD's Berlin system centre. Her former student Friedrich Ebert became the SPD superior and later the Weimar Republic's first President.

In 1912, Luxemburg was the SPD representative affluence the European Socialists' congresses.^[39] Catch on French socialist Jean Jaurès, Luxemburg argued that European workers' parties should organise a general drum when war broke out. Purchase 1913, she told a stout meeting: "If they think miracle are going to lift honesty weapons of murder against pilot French and other brethren, so we shall shout: 'We volition declaration not do it!'" However, just as nationalist crises in the Range erupted into violence and so the war in 1914, beside was no general strike focus on the SPD majority supported birth war as did the Romance Socialists.

The Reichstag unanimously impressive to finance the war. Position SPD voted in favour rigidity that and agreed to precise truce (Burgfrieden) with the Princelike government and promised that SPD-controlled labour unions would refrain reject strike action for the activity of the war. This ageless Luxemburg to contemplate suicide since the revisionism she had fought since 1899 had triumphed.^[39]

In comment, Luxemburg organised anti-war demonstrations acquit yourself Frankfurt, calling for conscientious remonstrance to military conscription and prestige refusal of soldiers to draw orders.

On that account, she was imprisoned for a best for "inciting to disobedience contradict the authorities' law and order."