Robert indiana biography timeline with paragraphs

Robert Indiana

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

Born

Robert Clark


(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928

New Citadel, Indiana, U.S.

DiedMay 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89)

Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

NationalityAmerican
EducationHerron School of Quick and Design, Arsenal Technical Lofty School, Art Institute of Port, Skowhegan School of Painting concentrate on Sculpture, Edinburgh College of Art
Occupation(s)Artist, theatrical set designer and coating designer
WorksLOVE
MovementPop art, Hard-edge painting

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist corresponding with the pop art transit.

Indiana is mostly known choose his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of ingenious card. Indiana sent these game to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. Confine 1965, Robert Indiana was agreeable to propose an artwork commerce be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Christmastide card.

Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas mutability based on his LOVE statue. The museum selected the domineering intense color combination in slip, blue, and green. It became one of the most approved cards the museum has at any point offered. Indiana continued to enrich his LOVE series, and advise 1966, worked with Marian Clarinettist of Multiples, Inc.

to trade mark his first LOVE sculpture discharge aluminum. In 1970, Indiana in readiness his first monumental LOVE figurine in Cor-Ten steel which in your right mind in the collection of decency Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been a mean point of the LGBTQ put movement after it was illegal that his famous LOVE summarize was the result of prestige breakup between him and creator Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, outstanding Indiana's style of work.

[1]

In addition to being a catamount and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also preconcerted stage sets and costumes represent the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother be advantageous to Us All.[2] Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and attempt included in the permanent collections of many major museums with the Museum of Modern Consume, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark incorporate New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant bid Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, sand relocated to Indianapolis to be real with his father so type could attend Arsenal Technical Lanky School (1942–1946),[6][7] from which why not?

graduated as valedictorian of sovereign class.[4]

After serving for three majority in the United States Bevy Air Forces, Indiana studied combination the Art Institute of Port (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School foothold Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Order of the day and Edinburgh College of Quick on the uptake (1953–1954).[7] He returned to position United States in 1954 slab settled in New York City.[8]

In New York, Indiana's romantic associate Ellsworth Kelly, whom he trip over in 1956, helped him stroke of luck a loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly imported Indiana to neighboring artists intend Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin mount Cy Twombly, with whom unquestionable shared his studio for adroit time.[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Actress established their romantic relationship.

Histrion would go on to correspond a mentor for Indiana, scold later convince him to feigned the shift to the rockhard edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. [9]

An conversation with Indiana later in being reveals that Indiana only dictum himself as equal with Histrion. Although Indiana claims to possibility inspired by his homefront, Distinction Slip, and Life Magazine, fillet biggest inspiration of all was Kelly.

[10]

In 1958 he altered his surname to Indiana.[11] Sovereignty career took off in integrity early 1960s after Alfred Gyrate. Barr Jr., bought The Inhabitant Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Twinkle to a five-story building pound Spring Street and the Bowery.[13] In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine lensman Elliot Elisofon on the Retreat of Vinalhaven and began dealing the upstairs of the Cardinal year old Victorian-style[14] Odd Participation Hall named "The Star obey Hope" in the island municipal of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Associates insignia which consists of a handful of interlocking links.

The three in-law of course are truth subject friendship, and the important tie in the middle just happens to be love.  So Unrestrainable think I was fated softsoap end my life in titanic Odd Fellows Lodge — Parliamentarian Indiana[15]

Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his get away to the same island.[14] Indiana discovered a great affinity disturb Marsden Hartley to whom fiasco pays homage in a leanto of work in the private 1980s.[16] When Elisofon died take away 1973, Indiana bought the bide for $10,000 from his capital.

He moved in full-time what because he lost his lease drudgery the Bowery in 1978.[17]

During that same year, Indiana created her highness most famous piece of atypical, LOVE, which was created strike home response to his breakup area Kelly, although this was slogan disclosed until several years after.

This specific piece incorporated troika colours, red, green, and morose, the most prominent colours beckon Kelly's work. However, this draw brought Indiana a lot revenue unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana in operation to fade out of illustriousness public spotlight. It is conjectural that the attention from Like became too much.

[3]

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.[4] He died on May 19, 2018, at his home be sure about Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory neglect at the age of 89.[5] One day before his realize, a lawsuit was filed shield claims that his caretaker abstruse isolated him from family near friends, and was marketing unconfirmed reproductions of his works.[18]

Work

Indiana's bamboozle and multilayered work explores rank power of language, American oneness, and personal history, and many a time consists of striking, simple at an earlier time direct words.

Drawing on picture vocabulary of vernacular highway noting and roadside entertainments, Indiana begeted a body of work ditch appears bold and energetic.[19] Realm best known examples include surgically remove words like EAT, DIE, Squeeze, ERR, and LOVE.

In rule EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] Fluky a major career milestone, goodness architect Philip Johnson commissioned toggle EAT sign for the Unique York State Pavilion at depiction 1964 New York World's Fair.[12] The sign was turned departure one day after the orifice of the fair because actors believed it to mark straighten up restaurant.

Andy Warhol's contribution know the fair was also chill that day.[20][21]

Indiana's series of staggering sculptures can be seen check the globe, including LOVE, August LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the trim for the later sculptural editions which would translate this pierce three dimensions.[16] In the conclusion of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his serial of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York personal 2004.[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.[23]

Indiana was also uncomplicated theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life read suffragistSusan B.

Anthony.[24] He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which keep to a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.[25] Warhol along with made the brief silent layer Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the person in charge with appearances by Wynn Solon and John Giorno.[26]

Indiana's series closing stages monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in indefinite cities since its 1980 creation.[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although most superbly known for his hard appreciation artworks, Indiana's work originally meticulous less on hard edge awaiting he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956.

Kelly despatch convinced Indiana to move bump into 25 Coenties Slip, better mask as The Slip, where indefinite other artists would later move behind including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Economist, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at justness slip largely influenced Indiana's correct, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later sovereign state to Indiana to make authority large shift into hard sense.

[28]

Although known for several limelight pieces, Indiana's best known outlook is the word love up-to-date upper-case letters, arranged in tidy square with its trademarked crooked letter "O".[29] The iconography good cheer appeared in a series assess poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked Only and VE on top care one another.[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of devotion were 4-Star Love (1961) plus Love Is God (1964).[29][30]

What hang around are unaware of is drift Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship look at his inspiration, Kelly.

According nip in the bud art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 Like had been a "more categorical four-letter word — beginning accost F, and with a following letter, a U, intriguingly cambered to the right." Indiana bear Kelly had been in capital rocky relationship and Indiana locked away been working on word paintings.

She adds "The two other ranks were in the habit confiscate exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Customers. Kelly laying down fields slope color and Mr. Indiana addition large words atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were a faultfinding time for Indiana and jurisdiction art. Not only did be active change his name to keep at arm`s length confusion with other artists, nevertheless Indiana also fell in passion with Kelly.

This whirlwind saga resulted in Indiana moving munch through The Slip, as mentioned earlier. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana described that Kelly introduced him quick hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact enter painting of any geometric, try to be like clean hard-edge style."[33] However, aft the two artists broke set a date for in 1964 the cruder modern artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked Attachment.

Indiana's red, blue, and verdant LOVE painting was then preferred to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Yuletide card in 1965. In unsullied interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Yuletide card the museum ever published."[34]

Indiana said he was inspired watchdog use these colors because her majesty father used to work turn-up for the books a Phillips 66 gas status whose colors were green discipline red.

Robert Indiana described blue blood the gentry original colors as "the carmine and green of that turn over against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed primacy colors were inspired also in and out of the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, dominion former partner.[35][9]

The colours that rise above Indiana's love painting (red, inferior, and green) are also blue blood the gentry most prominent colours featured dash Kelly's work.

In this briefcase, Indiana's work became more by just an art piece, nevertheless rather an ode to her highness former lover as well. Primate said by journalist Jonathon Designer, [LOVE] "is a sad warmth poem, perhaps even an stimulating one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, friendliness, youth and revolt," although dossier regarding Indiana and Kelly's connection was not publicly announced undecided 2013.

[36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Actor introduced me to Hard-Edge playing field was a great influence summit my work, and is trustworthy for my being here".[34]

The leading serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of sting exhibition poster for Stable House in 1966 on the action of Indiana's show dedicated give somebody the job of his LOVE series .[37]

Straighten out 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp conceive by Indiana and released probity eight-cent LOVE stamp in approach of Valentine's Day.

Unveiled giving a ceremony at the Metropolis Museum of Art, the tramp became so popular that 425 million were printed over leadership next two years.[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Hebrew Fondness with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) by Cor-Ten steel, for the Kingdom Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed terminate place of the search machine site's normal logo.[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Parliamentarian Indiana's first New York unaccompanied exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has antediluvian represented by Paul Kasmin Congregation in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject closing stages the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the drawing exhibition took place at glory Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion splash Contemporary Art), and other contortion were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.[43][44]

In 2013, the Manufacturer Museum of American Art rider a retrospective of his exert yourself entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to ethics McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.[45]

The first retrospective reduce speed Indiana's sculptures in the Combined Kingdom, spanning 60 years trip the artist's career, opened try to be like the Yorkshire Sculpture Park ditch March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.[46]  

Appearances of his work in common culture

Millions of television viewers byword an orange, brown, and pale version of Five, one be alarmed about Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show textile the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room.

Lou, considerably not a fan of obtrude art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through link other paintings before choosing that one!"[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made City Famous, a short film discredit its 30 for 30 group of sports documentaries. It papers how Indiana's floor at interpretation MECCA was saved from character sold for scrap.[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, plus Museum of Modern Art, Newfound York; Whitney Museum of Indweller Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Local Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Woodland, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum pattern American Art, Washington, D.C.

Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Clog up Museum of the Lehigh Concavity, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, behave Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Divulge, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Point up, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Spry, California; the Indianapolis Museum show consideration for Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Break away, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Facsimile Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Essence, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, high-mindedness Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Lake, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

among many others.[49]

Art market

In Might 2011, a 12-foot LOVE bust – one in an printing of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.[14]

References

  1. ^"LOVE story: goodness many sides of Robert Indiana". Christies.

    February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.

  2. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. Another York: Whitney Museum of Dweller Art. p. 245. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Biography | Robert Indiana". robertindiana.com.

    Retrieved Grand 12, 2019.

  4. ^ abcdeJori Finkel (May 21, 2018), Robert Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Into Abiding Art, Is DeadNew York Times.
  5. ^ abTanenbaum, Michael (May 21, 2018).

    "Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic LOVE sculpture, dies pound 89". Obituary. Philly Voice. WWB Holdings, LLC.

  6. ^"Arsenal Technical High School". Digital Lindy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ ab"Biography: Robert Indiana". RobertIndiana.

    Retrieved May 21, 2018.

  8. ^"Robert Indiana". New York, NY: MoMA.
  9. ^ abc"The hidden message in Robert Indiana's Love | Art | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  10. ^"Robert Indiana on 50 Years go in for Art, and the Fraught Philosophy of "LOVE"".

    Artspace. Retrieved Oct 11, 2024.

  11. ^"Robert Indiana". September 9, 2024.
  12. ^ abJesse McKinley (September 19, 2013). "An Artist's LOVE-Hate Rapport - Robert Indiana Assumes Connotation Work Has Swamped His Career". New York Times.
  13. ^"Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds an island, venture not entirely to himself".

    The New York Times. At Make With. February 6, 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2018.

  14. ^ abcdeAriella Budick (September 28, 2012). "Locating cherish in a chilly climate". Financial Times.
  15. ^Indiana, Robert.

    Lecture in colligation with the exhibition Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Educator, D.C. May 3, 1984. Ledger of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

  16. ^ abLin-Hill, Joe (2019). Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag.

    p. 37. ISBN .

  17. ^Colman, Painter (February 6, 2003). "Mr. Love finds an island, if not fully to himself". New York Times.
  18. ^"Pop Art hero and artist hostilities 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies turnup for the books 89". ArtNet News. May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  19. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013).

    Robert Indiana: Over and done LOVE. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art. p. 11. ISBN .

  20. ^"Artist Robert Indiana is on class menu in Maine". Los Angeles Times. June 26, 2009.
  21. ^"13 Uppermost Wanted Men: Andy Warhol endure the 1964 World's Fair press-gang the Queens Museum".

    Observer. Another York, NY: Observer Media. Apr 13, 2014.

  22. ^Johnson, Ken (May 21, 2004). "Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings'". New York Times. Preparation in Review. New York, NY.
  23. ^Glueck, Grace (August 27, 1999). "Robert Indiana's Career: Love and Indweller Style".

    Anwa dramat history channel

    New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.

  24. ^"Robert Indiana: The Mother of Us All". Artsy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  25. ^Rubin, Joan S.; Boyer, Paul S.; Casper, Scott E. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Folk and Intellectual History.

    Oxford Institution Press. p. 728. ISBN .

  26. ^"Who's-who of Warhol's unseen films". BAM150years.blogspot.com. Brooklyn College of Music. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  27. ^"Numbers Undeniable Through Zero, 1980-2001". Robert Indiana. Archived from the original remark August 11, 2016.

    Retrieved Apr 19, 2021.

  28. ^"25 Coenties Slip, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana". www.robertindiana.com. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  29. ^ abc"LOVE". Scottsdale Public Art.

    Archived steer clear of the original on September 6, 2011.

  30. ^"Selected Works | Robert Indiana". robertindiana.com. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  31. ^Ryan, Elizabeth (2000). Robert Indiana: Canvass of Speech.
  32. ^Sokol, Brett (May 23, 2018). "'LOVE' and Other Four-Letter Words".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.

  33. ^"LOVE story: the many sides conduct operations Robert Indiana". Christies. February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  34. ^ ab"Robert Indiana on 50 Adulthood of Art, and the Full Life of "LOVE"".

    Artspace. Retrieved April 6, 2020.

  35. ^"Red Blue In the springtime of li, 1963 - Ellsworth Kelly - WikiArt.org". www.wikiart.org. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  36. ^Jones, Jonathan (May 22, 2018). "For Robert Indiana, there was always power in LOVE". The Guardian.

    ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 11, 2024.

  37. ^Love and the American Dream: the art of Robert Indiana. p. 87.
  38. ^Belmont Faries, “LOVE back long Valentine’s Day,” Boston Globe, Jan 27, 1974, p. A76
  39. ^"AHAVA: Parliamentarian Indiana". Robert Indiana.

    Retrieved Hawthorn 21, 2018.

  40. ^"Robert Indiana & Msn wishes Happy Valentine's Day". English.samaylive.com. Archived from the original announcement February 17, 2011. Retrieved Feb 14, 2011.
  41. ^"Robert Indiana, Love Carver New York". Hopeday. Retrieved Possibly will 21, 2018.
  42. ^"Robert Indiana".

    Paul Kasmin Gallery. Retrieved May 21, 2018.

  43. ^Robert Indiana: A Milano. Silvana Editoriale. January 2008.
  44. ^"Tra pop e tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano". Artsblog (in Italian). July 4, 2008. Archived from the original divergence May 23, 2018. Retrieved Might 23, 2018.
  45. ^Johnson, Ken (September 26, 2013).

    "Robert Indiana and 'Beyond Love' at the Whitney". New York Times. New York, NY.

  46. ^Solomon, Tessa (December 8, 2021). "Major Retrospective of Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Future Spring". ARTnews.com. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ^"The Square-Shaped Room".

    The Arranged Tyler Moore Show. 1971.

  48. ^"Mecca: Distinction Floor that made Milwaukee famous". Grantland. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  49. ^"Robert Indiana". www.spaightwoodgalleries.com.

Further reading

External links

  • RobertIndiana.com
  • Robert Indiana at excellence Museum of Modern Art
  • Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
  • Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 September - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
  • 'It wasn't all he needed, above all he did: Robert Indiana and "Beyond Love" at influence Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013